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Malathion is classified by US EPA as having “suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity but not sufficient to assess human carcinogenic potential.”[16] This rating implies that insufficient evidence is available to either rule out malathion as a carcinogen, or to state that it is a carcinogen.

No studies on carcinogenicity have been performed in humans; however, studies in rats and mice have yielded conflicting results. Liver tumours were found to be induced in rats, but only at excessive doses. On the other hand, malaoxon, a structurally related chemical, was found not to induce tumour formation in rats. A review of the classification of malathion as 'suggestive' was carried out in 2000, by the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel. The conclusion of this panel was that there was still insufficient evidence to either declare malathion as non-carcinogenic, or to declare it a carcinogen.